Obstacles in combating multidrug resistant tuberculosis in pediatric patients: a scope review / Obstáculos no combate à tuberculose multidroga resistente em pacientes pediátricos: uma revisão de escopo

Abstract Objectives: to identify the scientific evidence on excessively resistant and multidrug resistant tuberculosis in pediatric patients. Methods: this is a scope review of the literature, with a guiding question: "What is the scientific evidence on multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in pediatric patients?". The research used the descriptors: "extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis" OR "multidrug-resistant tuberculosis" AND "pediatrics". The research was carried out in a double-blind manner in the following databases of the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Regional Office for the Western Pacific's Institutional Repository for Information Sharing, Embase/Elsevier and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, with a temporal cut-off from 2011 to 2021, sending a final synthesized sample of 18 articles, which evaluated the methodological content through the level of evidence. Results: the results show the lack of research with a high level of evidence related to MDR-TB in children, the lack of adequate dosage of second-line drugs for the pediatric population and the importance of drug sensitivity testing for the cases of treatment Conclusions: it was identified that the obstacles to MDR-TB treatment were concentrated in the lack of detailed protocols, safe drug dosages with a low side effect, and mainly in the social health determinants and disease process involving MDR-TB.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar as evidências científicas sobre tuberculose excessivamente resistente e multidroga resistente em pacientes pediátricos. Métodos: trata-se de uma revisão de escopo da literatura, tendo como questão norteadora: "Quais as evidências científicas sobre tuberculose multidroga-resistente (TB-MDR) e tuberculose extensivamente resistente em pacientes pediátricos?" A pesquisa usou os descritores: "tuberculose extensivamente resistente a medicamentos" OR "tuberculose resistente a múltiplos medicamentos" AND "pediatria". A pesquisa foi realizada de modo duplo-cego nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Regional Office for the Western Pacific's Institutional Repository for Information Sharing, Embase/Elsevier e International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, com um corte temporal de 2011 a 2021, sendo a amostra final sintetizada de 18 artigos, nos quais avaliou-se o conteúdo metodológico por meio do nível de evidência. Resultados: os resultados mostraram a escassez de pesquisas de alto nível de evidência relacionadas à TB-MDR em crianças, ausência de posologia adequada das drogas de segunda linha para o público pediátrico e a importância do teste de sensibilidade a drogas para o tratamento dos casos. Conclusões: identificou-se que os obstáculos do tratamento TB-MDR se concentraram na ausência de protocolos detalhados, de dosagens medicamentosas seguras e com menor efeito colateral, e, principalmente, nos determinantes sociais do processo saúde e doença que envolvem a TB-MDR.

Prevalence of tuberculosis, COVID-19, chronic conditions and vulnerabilities among migrants and refugees: an electronic survey / Prevalência de tuberculose, COVID-19, condições crônicas e vulnerabilidades entre migrantes e refugiados: inquérito eletrônico / Prevalencia de tuberculosis, COVID-19, condiciones crónicas y vulnerabilidades en inmigrantes y refugiados: encuesta electrónica

Abstract Objective: to analyze the prevalence of tuberculosis, coronavirus, chronic conditions and vulnerabilities among migrants and refugees in Brazil. Method: this is a cross-sectional study of the electronic survey type conducted with international migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive statistics was applied for the analysis, with calculation of position and dispersion measures. Regarding the categorical variables, relative and absolute frequencies were estimated. Results: the study participants were 553 migrants and refugees, verifying 3.07%, 7.2% and 27.3% prevalence of tuberculosis, COVID-19 and chronic conditions, respectively. Among the vulnerabilities, 32% reported unemployment, 37.6% moved to Brazil as a result of the social situation in their countries and 33.6% were living as refugees or sheltered people. Conclusion: tuberculosis, chronic diseases and COVID-19 presented higher prevalence values in migrants and refugees than in the general population. As this is a population group that still has significant difficulty accessing health services and social protection systems, based on diverse evidence, the study will subsidize public policies, Nursing care and the incorporation of new routines in the service.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar a prevalência de tuberculose, coronavírus, condições crônicas e vulnerabilidades entre migrantes e refugiados no Brasil. Método: trata-se de estudo transversal, do tipo inquérito eletrônico, realizado com migrantes internacionais durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Para a análise, aplicou-se estatística descritiva, com cálculo de medidas de posição e de dispersão. Quanto às variáveis categóricas, estimaram-se as frequências relativas e absolutas. Resultados: participaram do estudo 553 migrantes e refugiados, verificando-se prevalência de 3,07% de tuberculose, 7,2% de COVID-19 e 27,3% de condições crônicas. Entre as vulnerabilidades, 32% referiram desemprego, 37,6% mudaram para o Brasil em decorrência da situação social do seu país e 33,6% residiam em asilo e ou abrigo. Conclusão: a tuberculose, as doenças crônicas e a COVID-19 apresentaram maior prevalência em migrantes e refugiados que na população em geral. Por tratar-se de uma população ainda com grande dificuldade de acesso aos serviços de saúde e aos sistemas de proteção social, o estudo subsidiará, com base em evidências, as políticas públicas, o atendimento do enfermeiro e a incorporação de novas rotinas no serviço.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia de tuberculosis, coronavirus, condiciones crónicas y vulnerabilidades en inmigrantes y refugiados en Brasil. Método: se trata de un estudio transversal, del tipo encuesta electrónica, realizado con migrantes internacionales durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Para el análisis se aplicó estadística descriptiva, con cálculo de medidas de posición y dispersión. En cuanto a las variables categóricas, se estimaron las frecuencias relativas y absolutas. Resultados: participaron del estudio 553 inmigrantes y refugiados, la prevalencia de tuberculosis era del 3,07%, de COVID-19 del 7,2% y de condiciones crónicas del 27,3%. Entre las vulnerabilidades, el 32% reportó desempleo, el 37,6% emigró a Brasil por la situación social de su país y el 33,6% vivía en un asilo o albergue. Conclusión: la tuberculosis, las enfermedades crónicas y el COVID-19 fueron más prevalentes en inmigrantes y refugiados que en la población general. Por tratarse de una población que aún tiene grandes dificultades para acceder a los servicios de salud y sistemas de protección social, el estudio contribuirá, con base en la evidencia, a las políticas públicas, la atención de enfermería y la incorporación de nuevas rutinas en el servicio.

Protocol for pragmatic randomized clinical trial to evaluate the completion of treatment of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection with Isoniazid in the 300 mg formulation.

INTRODUCTION: It is essential to strengthen the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) to break the chain of transmission. The drug used worldwide for the treatment of LTBI is Isoniazid. A clinical trial conducted in Brazil has demonstrated the bioequivalence of Isoniazid in the 300 mg formulation with 3 tablets in the 100 mg formulation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the completion of treatment with Isoniazid 300 mg single tablet. OBJECTIVE: Describing a protocol for a clinical trial to evaluate the completion of treatment of LTBI with the drug Isoniazid in 300 mg tablet formulation compared to the use of Isoniazid in 100 mg tablet formulation. METHODS: This is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized, open-label clinical trial registered on the Rebec RBR-2wsdt6 platform. Individuals 18 years of age or older with an indication for treatment of LTBI will be included, with only 1 individual per family nucleus. Individuals whose index case of active TB is categorized as retreatment, multidrug-resistant and extremely resistant, individuals transferred from the original center two or more weeks after the onset of treatment, and persons deprived of liberty will be excluded. The study intervention will be the treatment of LTBI with 1 tablet of Isoniazid 300 mg. The control group will receive the treatment of LTBI with 3 tablets of Isoniazid 100 mg. Follow-up will be performed at month 1, month 2 and at the end of treatment. The primary outcome will be completion of treatment. CONCLUSION: It is expected that with the treatment with the 300 mg formulation, more patients will complete the treatment based on the complexity index of pharmacotherapy. Our study intends to substantiate theoretical and operational strategies that respond to the demand for incorporation of a new formulation of the drug for the treatment of LTBI in the Unified Health System network.

Prevalence of tuberculosis, COVID-19, chronic conditions and vulnerabilities among migrants and refugees: an electronic survey.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the prevalence of tuberculosis, coronavirus, chronic conditions and vulnerabilities among migrants and refugees in Brazil. METHOD: this is a cross-sectional study of the electronic survey type conducted with international migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive statistics was applied for the analysis, with calculation of position and dispersion measures. Regarding the categorical variables, relative and absolute frequencies were estimated. RESULTS: the study participants were 553 migrants and refugees, verifying 3.07%, 7.2% and 27.3% prevalence of tuberculosis, COVID-19 and chronic conditions, respectively. Among the vulnerabilities, 32% reported unemployment, 37.6% moved to Brazil as a result of the social situation in their countries and 33.6% were living as refugees or sheltered people. CONCLUSION: tuberculosis, chronic diseases and COVID-19 presented higher prevalence values in migrants and refugees than in the general population. As this is a population group that still has significant difficulty accessing health services and social protection systems, based on diverse evidence, the study will subsidize public policies, Nursing care and the incorporation of new routines in the service.

Rastreamento da depressão nas práticas de cuidados primários à saúde de indivíduos adoecidos de tuberculose / Tracking depression in primary health care practices for individuals sick with tuberculosis / Seguimiento de la depresión en las prácticas de atención primaria de salud de las personas enfermas de tuberculosis

Objetivo: Descrever a sintomatologia depressiva entre pessoas em tratamento da tuberculose em unidades da atenção básica em saúde. Método: Estudo descritivo, de corte transversal realizado entre agosto de 2019 e março de 2020 em municípios metropolitanos do estado do Espírito Santo. Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos, comportamentais e clínicos em entrevista, e rastreados os sintomas depressivos pelo questionário de saúde do paciente. Resultados: Da amostra de 92 pacientes, predominou o sexo masculino (67%), pretos/pardos (85%), idade média 41,5 anos, (50%) solteiros, sem concluir o ensino fundamental (43%), desempregados (63%), das classes socioeconômicas C, D e E (89%), desamparados por programa de transferência de renda (86%). Rastreados 48% (44) da amostra com sintomatologia depressiva, 81% (74) com gravidade leve a grave, predomínio do sintoma fadiga (84%), presença do humor deprimido e anedonia em 58% (53). Conclusões: A sintomatologia depressiva na população estudada apresentou frequência relevante e potencial para prejudicar a vida pessoal, social e estado de saúde das pessoas em tratamento da tuberculose. Assim, na perspectiva do Plano Nacional pelo Fim da Tuberculose, o rastreamento da depressão e das suas manifestações pode expandir as ações de cuidado e prevenção centrados no paciente com tuberculose e reduzir os efeitos combinados da tuberculose e da depressão. (AU)

Objective: To describe depressive symptoms among people undergoing tuberculosis treatment in basic health units. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted between August 2019 and March 2020 in metropolitan municipalities in the state of Espírito Santo. Socioeconomic, behavioral and clinical data were collected in an interview, and depressive symptoms were tracked using the patient's health questionnaire. Results: From the sample of 92 patients, male (67%), black / brown (85%), average age 41.5 years, (50%) were single, without completing elementary school (43%), unemployed (63%), from socioeconomic classes C, D and E (89%), abandoned by the cash transfer program (86%). 48% (44) of the sample were screened with depressive symptoms, 81% (74) with mild to severe severity, predominance of the fatigue symptom (84%), presence of depressed mood and anhedonia in 58% (53). Conclusion: Depressive symptoms in the studied population showed a relevant and potential frequency to harm the personal, social and health status of people undergoing tuberculosis treatment. Thus, in the perspective of the National Plan for the End of Tuberculosis, the screening of depression and its manifestations can expand the care and prevention actions focused on the patient with tuberculosis and reduce the combined effects of tuberculosis and depression. (AU)

Objetivo: Describir síntomas depresivos en personas en tratamiento antituberculoso en unidades básicas de salud. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, realizado entre agosto de 2019 y marzo de 2020 en municipios metropolitanos del estado de Espírito Santo. Los datos socioeconómicos, conductuales y clínicos se recopilaron en una entrevista y los síntomas depresivos se rastrearon mediante el cuestionario de salud del paciente. Resultados: De la muestra de 92 pacientes, hombres (67%), negros / pardos (85%), edad promedio 41.5 años, (50%) eran solteros, sin completar la escuela primaria (43%), desempleados (63%), de las clases socioeconómicas C, D y E (89%), abandonadas por el programa de transferencias monetarias (86%). El 48% (44) de la muestra fueron cribados con síntomas depresivos, 81% (74) con gravedad leve a severa, predominio del síntoma de fatiga (84%), presencia de estado de ánimo depresivo y anhedonia en 58% (53). Conclusion: Los síntomas depresivos en la población estudiada mostraron una frecuencia relevante y potencial para dañar el estado personal, social y de salud de las personas en tratamiento antituberculoso. Así, en la perspectiva del Plan Nacional para el Fin de la Tuberculosis, el seguimiento de la depresión y sus manifestaciones puede ampliar las acciones de atención y prevención enfocadas al paciente con tuberculosis y reducir los efectos combinados de la tuberculosis y la depresión. (AU)

Catastrophic costs and social sequels due to tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment in Brazil. / Custos catastróficos e sequelas sociais decorrentes do diagnóstico e tratamento da tuberculose no Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of catastrophic costs on unfavorable tuberculosis treatment outcomes. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study, conducted in five Brazilian state capitals (Manaus, Recife, Vitória, Campo Grande and Porto Alegre) from June 2016 to July 2018. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: Of the 350 participants, 310 were included, of whom 30 presented unfavorable outcomes. Catastrophic cost (OR=2.53 -95% CI 1.13;5.67) and divorce (OR=5.29 -95% CI 1.39;20.05) increased the chances of unfavorable outcomes. CONCLUSION: Financial difficulties during tuberculosis treatment may impair its outcome. Catastrophic cost and divorce were determining factors for treatment outcomes.

Factors associated with latent tuberculosis among international migrants in Brazil: a cross-sectional study (2020).

BACKGROUND: Migrants are a high priority group for TB control measures due to their high exposure to risk factors such as poverty and social vulnerability. The study aimed to identify factors associated with latent TB among international migrants living in four Brazilian state capitals. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in September and October 2020 in a sample of 903 international migrants living in four Brazilian state capitals: Boa Vista/RR (458), Manaus/AM (136), São Paulo/SP (257), and Curitiba/PR (52). Data were collected with a questionnaire consisting of open and closed questions on personal characteristics, information on TB, and use of preventive measures. Tuberculin skin test (TST) was performed, with reading after 72 h by trained nurses and using 5 mm induration as the positive cutoff. Chi-square test (X2) and Fisher's exact test, both two-tailed, were used to compare statistically significant levels of association between the migrants´ sociodemographic characteristics, vulnerability, and latent TB infection (LTBI). Binary logistic regression was applied to calculate odds ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals. For all the tests, type I error of 5% was defined as statistically significant (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Prevalence of LTBI among migrants was 46.1% in Manaus/AM, 33.3% in São Paulo/SP, 28.1% in Curitiba/PR, and 23.5% in Boa Vista/RR. Factors associated with latent infection were age, male gender, and brown or indigenous race. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed high prevalence of latent TB among international migrants.

Catastrophic costs and social sequels resulting from the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in Brazil / Costos catastróficos y consecuencias sociales resultantes del diagnóstico y tratamiento de la tuberculosis en Brasil / Custos catastróficos e sequelas sociais decorrentes do diagnóstico e tratamento da tuberculose no Brasil

Objective: To assess the impact of catastrophic costs on the unfavorable outcome of tuberculosis treatment. Methods: This is prospective cohort made in five capitals of Brazilian states (Manaus, Recife, Vitória, Campo Grande and Porto Alegre) between June 2016 and July 2018. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: The 350 participants, 310 were included, and 30 had unfavorable outcome. Catastrophic cost (OR=2.53 ­ 95%CI 1.13;5.67) and divorce episode (OR=5.29 ­ 95%CI 1.39;20.05) increased the chance of unfavorable outcome. Conclusion: financial difficulties faced during the treatment of tuberculosis can impair the treatment outcome. The determinants for the treatment outcome were catastrophic cost and divorce.

Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto dos custos catastróficos no desfecho desfavorável do tratamento da tuberculose. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectiva, realizado em cinco capitais de estados brasileiros (Manaus, Recife, Vitória, Campo Grande e Porto Alegre) no período de junho de 2016 a julho de 2018. Empregou-se regressão logística para calcular a razão de chances (odds ratio, OR) e os intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Dos 350 participantes, 310 foram incluídos, dos quais 30 apresentaram desfecho desfavorável. Custo catastrófico (OR=2,53 ­ IC95% 1,13;5,67) e divórcio (OR=5,29 ­ IC95% 1,39;20,05) aumentaram as chances de desfecho desfavorável. Conclusão: Dificuldades financeiras durante o tratamento da tuberculose podem prejudicar seu desfecho. Os fatores determinantes para o desfecho do tratamento foram custo catastrófico e divórcio.

Custos catastróficos e sequelas sociais decorrentes do diagnóstico e tratamento da tuberculose no Brasil / Costos catastróficos y consecuencias sociales resultantes del diagnóstico y tratamiento de la tuberculosis en Brasil / Catastrophic costs and social sequels due to tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment in Brazil

Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto dos custos catastróficos no desfecho desfavorável do tratamento da tuberculose. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectiva, realizado em cinco capitais de estados brasileiros (Manaus, Recife, Vitória, Campo Grande e Porto Alegre) no período de junho de 2016 a julho de 2018. Empregou-se regressão logística para calcular a razão de chances (odds ratio, OR) e os intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Dos 350 participantes, 310 foram incluídos, dos quais 30 apresentaram desfecho desfavorável. Custo catastrófico (OR=2,53 - IC95% 1,13;5,67) e divórcio (OR=5,29 - IC95% 1,39;20,05) aumentaram as chances de desfecho desfavorável. Conclusão: Dificuldades financeiras durante o tratamento da tuberculose podem prejudicar seu desfecho. Os fatores determinantes para o desfecho do tratamento foram custo catastrófico e divórcio.

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de los costos catastróficos en el resultado desfavorable del tratamiento de la tuberculosis. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectiva realizado en cinco capitales de estados brasileños (Manaus, Recife, Vitória, Campo Grande y Porto Alegre) entre junio de 2016 y julio de 2018. Se utilizó la regresión logística para calcular los odds ratios (OR) y los intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados: De los 350 participantes, se incluyeron 310, y 30 tuvieron resultado desfavorable. El costo catastrófico (OR=2,53 - IC95% 1,13;5,67) y el divorcio (OR=5,29 - IC95% 1,39;20,05) aumentaron la obtención de un resultado desfavorable. Conclusión: Dificultades económicas enfrentadas durante el tratamiento de la tuberculosis pueden perjudicar el resultado del tratamiento. Las determinantes del tratamiento fueron el costo catastrófico y el divorcio.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of catastrophic costs on unfavorable tuberculosis treatment outcomes. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study, conducted in five Brazilian state capitals (Manaus, Recife, Vitória, Campo Grande and Porto Alegre) from June 2016 to July 2018. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: Of the 350 participants, 310 were included, of whom 30 presented unfavorable outcomes. Catastrophic cost (OR=2.53 -95% CI 1.13;5.67) and divorce (OR=5.29 -95% CI 1.39;20.05) increased the chances of unfavorable outcomes. Conclusion: Financial difficulties during tuberculosis treatment may impair its outcome. Catastrophic cost and divorce were determining factors for treatment outcomes.

Family Health Strategy and determinants of directly observed treatment for tuberculosis in Brazil: a cross-sectional study with surveillance system data, 2014-2016. / Estratégia Saúde da Família e determinantes para o tratamento diretamente observado da tuberculose no Brasil: estudo transversal com dados do sistema de vigilância, 2014-2016.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between tuberculosis determinants and performance of directly observed treatment (DOT) under different levels of Family Health Strategy (FHS) coverage in Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using data on tuberculosis cases notified between 2014 and 2016 on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System, as well as data on FHS coverage in the municipality of residence. Logistic regression was used. RESULTS: 177,626 individuals were included; being an alcohol user (odds ratio (OR) 1.09 - 95% confidence interval % [95%CI] 1.03;1.16), being deprived of liberty (OR=1.21 - 95%CI 1.12;1.32) and positive sputum smear microscopy (OR=1.15 - 95%CI 1.10;1.21) increased the chances of DOT being performed . When stratified by FHS coverage, these associations became weak in the highest stratum of coverage. CONCLUSION: DOT being performed was associated with determinants of tuberculosis. However, association was not confirmed among residents in municipalities with higher FHS coverage.

Family Health Strategy and determinants for the directly observed treatment of tuberculosis in Brazil: cross-sectional study with data from the Surveillance System, 2014-2016 / Estrategia Salud Familiar y determinantes para el tratamiento de la tuberculosis observado directamente en Brasil: un estudio transversal con datos del Sistema de Vigilancia, 2014-2016 / Estratégia Saúde da Família e determinantes para o tratamento diretamente observado da tuberculose no Brasil: estudo transversal com dados do sistema de vigilância, 2014-2016

Objective. To analyze the association between tuberculosis determinants and the performance of directly observed treatment (DOT) in different coverage of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in Brazil. Methods. Cross-sectional study with tuberculosis cases notified between 2014 and 2016 in the Information System on Diseases and coverage of the Family Health Strategy in the municipality of residence. Logistic regression was used. Results. 177,626 individuals were included. Having alcoholism (odds ratio (OR) 1.09 ­ confidence interval 95% (95%CI) 1.03;1.16), being deprived of freedom (OR=1.21 ­ 95%CI 1.12;1.32) and positive sputum smear microscopy (OR=1.15 ­ 95%CI 1.10;1.21) increased the chances of performing the DOT. When stratified by FHS coverage, these associations were emptied at the highest level of coverage. Conclusion. The DOT was associated with determinants of tuberculosis. However, it was not confirmed among residents in municipalities with greater FHS coverage.

Objetivo. Analisar a associação entre determinantes da tuberculose e a realização do tratamento diretamente observado (TDO), sob diferentes níveis de cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) no Brasil. Métodos. Estudo transversal, com dados dos casos de tuberculose notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação entre 2014 e 2016, e da cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família no município de residência. Empregou-se regressão logística. Resultados. Foram incluídos 177.626 indivíduos; ser etilista (odds ratio [OR] de 1,09 ­ intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] de 1,03 a 1,16), estar privado de liberdade (OR=1,21 ­ IC95% 1,12;1,32) e apresentar baciloscopia positiva (OR=1,15 ­ IC95% 1,10;1,21) aumentaram as chances de realização do TDO. Quando estratificadas por cobertura da ESF, essas associações viram-se enfraquecidas no maior estrato de cobertura. Conclusão. A realização do TDO associou-se a determinantes da tuberculose; contudo, a associação não se confirmou entre residentes de municípios com maiores coberturas da ESF.

COVID-19 health surveillance in Brazil: seeking contacts in communities as a self-protection strategy / Vigilancia de la salud COVID-19 en Brasil: buscar contactos en las comunidades como una estrategia de autoprotección / Vigilância em saúde da COVID-19 no Brasil: busca de contatos nas comunidades como estratégia de autoproteção.

OBJECTIVE: To map the social interaction networks of the individual-individual and individual-space with COVID-19, understanding some of the social determinants of health (DSS). METHODS: Flowchart of territorial surveillance of COVID-19, addressing the search for flu syndrome, through the identification of the social relationships of the individual and the DSS. RESULTS: Two strategies can be evidenced: of an individual nature, in which each contact is identified and referred for a clinical investigation; and, a collective strategy, of health education, in which signs and symptoms will be informed and health care oriented, to identify the needs of each household. CONCLUSION: We believe that these actions can be a great advance in the health surveillance of COVID-19, since this approach considers transmission in the community and in its social spaces with the search for contacts, adequate guidance and health education will bring benefits to the affected people and the community in general.

OBJETIVO: Mapear las redes de interacción social del individuo-individuo y el espacio individual con COVID-19, entendiendo algunos de los determinantes sociales de la salud (DSS). MÉTODOS: Diagrama de flujo de vigilancia territorial de COVID-19, abordando la búsqueda del síndrome de gripe, a través de la identificación de las relaciones sociales del individuo y el DSS. RESULTADOS: Se pueden evidenciar dos estrategias: de naturaleza individual, en la que cada contacto se identifica y se deriva para una investigación clínica; y, una estrategia colectiva, de educación en salud, en la cual los signos y síntomas serán informados y orientados a la atención médica, para identificar las necesidades de cada hogar. CONCLUSIÓN: Consideramos que estas acciones pueden ser un gran avance en la vigilancia de la salud de COVID-19, ya que este enfoque considera la transmisión en la comunidad y sus espacios sociales con la búsqueda de contactos, orientación adecuada y educación en salud traerá beneficios a las personas afectadas y la comunidad en general.

OBJETIVO: Mapear as redes de interação social do indivíduo-indivíduo e indivíduo-espaço com COVID-19, entendendo alguns dos determinantes sociais da saúde (DSS). MÉTODOS: Fluxograma de vigilância territorial da COVID-19, abordando a busca de síndrome gripal, através da identificação das relações sociais do indivíduo e dos DSS. RESULTADOS: Duas estratégias podem ser evidenciadas: de cunho individual, em que cada contato é identificado e encaminhado para uma investigação clínica; e, uma estratégia coletiva, de educação em saúde, na qual serão informados sinais e sintomas e orientados os cuidados em saúde, para identificação da necessidade de cada agregado familiar.  CONCLUSÃO: Consideramos que essas ações podem ser um grande avanço na vigilância em saúde da COVID-19, uma vez que essa abordagem considera a transmissão na comunidade e em seus espaços sociais com a busca dos contatos, orientação adequada e educação em saúde trará benefícios para as pessoas afetas e a comunidade em geral.

Estratégia Saúde da Família e determinantes para o tratamento diretamente observado da tuberculose no Brasil: estudo transversal com dados do sistema de vigilância, 2014-2016 / Estrategia Salud Familiar y determinantes para el tratamiento directamente observado de la tuberculosis en Brasil: un estudio transversal con datos del Sistema de Vigilancia, 2014-2016 / Family Health Strategy and determinants of directly observed treatment for tuberculosis in Brazil: a cross-sectional study with surveillance system data, 2014-2016

Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre determinantes da tuberculose e a realização do tratamento diretamente observado (TDO), sob diferentes níveis de cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com dados dos casos de tuberculose notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação entre 2014 e 2016, e da cobertura da ESF no município de residência. Empregou-se regressão logística. Resultados: Foram incluídos 177.626 indivíduos; ser etilista (odds ratio [OR] de 1,09 - intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] de 1,03 a 1,16), estar privado de liberdade (OR=1,21 - IC95% 1,12;1,32) e apresentar baciloscopia positiva (OR=1,15 - IC95% 1,10;1,21) aumentaram as chances de realização do TDO. Quando estratificadas por cobertura da ESF, essas associações viram-se enfraquecidas no maior estrato de cobertura. Conclusão: A realização do TDO associou-se a determinantes da tuberculose; contudo, a associação não se confirmou entre residentes de municípios com maiores coberturas da ESF.

Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre los determinantes de la tuberculosis y el desempeño del Tratamiento Directamente Observado (TDO) en diferentes coberturas de la Estrategia de Salud Familiar (ESF) en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio transversal con casos de tuberculosis notificados entre 2014 y 2016 en el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación y cobertura de la Estrategia de Salud Familiar en el municipio de residencia. Se utilizó regresión logística. Resultados: Se incluyeron 177,626 individuos. Tener alcoholismo (odds ratio (OR) 1,09 - intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%) 1,03; 1,16), estar privados de libertad (OR=1.21 - IC95% 1,12;1.32) y tener baciloscopia positiva (OR=1,15 - IC95%1,10;1,21) aumentó las posibilidades de realizar el TDO. Cuando se estratificó por cobertura de ESF, estas asociaciones disminuyen en el estrato de mayor cobertura. Conclusión: El TDO se asoció a determinantes de la tuberculosis, sin embargo, no se confirmó entre los residentes en municipios con mayor cobertura de ESF.

Objective: To assess the association between tuberculosis determinants and performance of directly observed treatment (DOT) under different levels of Family Health Strategy (FHS) coverage in Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using data on tuberculosis cases notified between 2014 and 2016 on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System, as well as data on FHS coverage in the municipality of residence. Logistic regression was used. Results: 177,626 individuals were included; being an alcohol user (odds ratio (OR) 1.09 - 95% confidence interval % [95%CI] 1.03;1.16), being deprived of liberty (OR=1.21 - 95%CI 1.12;1.32) and positive sputum smear microscopy (OR=1.15 - 95%CI 1.10;1.21) increased the chances of DOT being performed . When stratified by FHS coverage, these associations became weak in the highest stratum of coverage. Conclusion: DOT being performed was associated with determinants of tuberculosis. However, association was not confirmed among residents in municipalities with higher FHS coverage.

[Congenital Zika syndrome: sociodemographic profile of mothersSíndrome congénito por el virus del Zika: perfil sociodemográfico de las madres]. / Síndrome congênita do vírus Zika: perfil sociodemográfico das mães.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the sociodemographic profile of mothers of children with congenital Zika syndrome. METHODS: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study. The 39 mothers of live born babies among the cases notified in 2015 and 2016 with confirmed diagnosis of congenital Zika syndrome in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, were invited to participate. Of these, 25 mothers were enrolled. Data were collected using a socioeconomic questionnaire and a field diary. RESULTS: Skin color was self-reported as non-white by 19/25 mothers (74.0%), and 16 (64.0%) reported having a partner. Regarding schooling, 12 (48.0%) had completed high school. Per capita income varied from no income to US$ 1 111.11, and ranged from none to US$ 61.72 for 12 women (48.0%). Seventeen women (68.0%) lived in underprivileged periphery areas with poor living conditions. Of the 25 women, 16 (64.0%) had a job prior to the pregnancy; and of these, 12 (75.0%) were fired or quit after the baby was born. CONCLUSIONS: The profile of mothers shows that the Zika epidemics was not equanimous and preferentially affected women with low income and lower social class. In this sense, we believe that congenital Zika syndrome may be determined by social inequalities in Brazil. The data described in the present study may be useful for the planning of effective actions to ensure a social protection network for children with congenital Zika syndrome and their families.

OBJETIVO: Describir el perfil sociodemográfico de las madres de niños con síndrome congénito por el virus del Zika. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, de abordaje cuantitativo. Se invitó a participar en el estudio a 39 madres de niños nacidos vivos pertenecientes al grupo de casos notificados entre 2015 y 2016 con diagnóstico confirmado de síndrome congénito por el virus del Zika en el estado de Espírito Santo. De las 39 mujeres, 25 aceptaron participar. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó un formulario para identificar el perfil sociodemográfico y un diario de campo. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 107 estudios. Al final del proceso de clasificación se incluyeron 18 artículos que presentaban datos sobre la asociación entre el péptido C y el riesgo cardiovascular. Cinco estudios proporcionaron datos sobre la relación entre el péptido C y la mortalidad cardiovascular y general. El péptido C presentó una asociación positiva con el índice de masa corporal en población china, y una asociación inversa con el colesterol HDL en muestras poblacionales de Asia, Oriente Medio y Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, no fue posible realizar un metanálisis para los componentes de riesgo cardiovascular. Por otro lado, el péptido C se asoció con la mortalidad cardiovascular (RR = 1,62, IC95%: 0,99 a 2,66) y general (RR = 1,39, IC95%: 1,04 a 1,84). CONCLUSIONES: De las 25 madres, 19 (74,0%) manifestaron no ser blancas y 16 (64,0%) tener una pareja. En cuanto a la escolaridad, 12 (48,0%) poseían eduación media completa. El ingreso domiciliario per cápita varió desde ningún ingreso hasta US$ 1 111,11; 12 mujeres (48,0%) reportaron desde no tener ingresos hasta un ingreso de US$ 61,72. En cuanto a la vivienda, 17 (68,0%) vivían en zonas periféricas con condiciones precarias. De las 25 mujeres, 16 (64,0%) presentaban vínculo laboral antes de la gestación, y de estas 12 (75,0%) fueron despedidas o renunciaron después del nacimiento del niño. Conclusiones. El perfil de las madres reveló que la epidemia no fue equitativa y alcanzó mayormente a mujeres de bajos ingresos y de estratos sociales desfavorecidos. En ese sentido, la enfermedad podría ser determinada por las desigualdades sociales de salud presentes en el país. Los datos encontrados son útiles para planificar acciones efectivas enfocadas a garantizar una red de protección social para niños con síndrome congénito por el virus del Zika y sus familias.

Síndrome congênita do vírus Zika: perfil sociodemográfico das mães

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Descrever o perfil sociodemográfico de mães de crianças com síndrome congênita do Zika. Métodos. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal, de abordagem quantitativa. Foram convidadas a participar todas as 39 mães de bebês nascidos vivos entre os casos notificados em 2015 e 2016 com diagnóstico confirmado de síndrome congênita do Zika no Estado da Saúde do Espírito Santo. Dessas 39 mulheres, 25 concordaram em participar. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados um formulário para identificar o perfil sociodemográfico e um diário de campo. Resultados. Das 25 mães, 19 (74,0%) se declararam não brancas e 16 declararam (64,0%) possuir companheiro. Quanto à escolaridade, 12 (48,0%) possuíam ensino médio completo. A renda domiciliar per capita variou de nenhuma renda até US$ 1 111,11; 12 mulheres (48,0%) tinham entre nenhuma renda e renda de US$ 61,72. Quanto à moradia, 17 (68,0%) residiam em áreas de periferia com condições precárias. Das 25 mulheres, 16 (64,0%) apresentavam vínculo empregatício antes da gestação; e dessas 16 com vínculo, 12 (75,0%) foram demitidas ou pediram demissão após o nascimento do bebê. Conclusões. O perfil das mães revelou que a epidemia não foi equânime e atingiu preferencialmente mulheres de baixa renda e de estratos sociais desfavorecidos. Nesse sentido, acredita-se que a doença possa ser determinada pelas desigualdades sociais de saúde presentes no país. Os dados descritos podem fornecer subsídios para o planejamento de ações efetivas para garantir uma rede de proteção social para crianças com síndrome congênita do Zika e suas famílias.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Describe the sociodemographic profile of mothers of children with congenital Zika syndrome. Method. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study. The 39 mothers of live born babies among the cases notified in 2015 and 2016 with confirmed diagnosis of congenital Zika syndrome in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, were invited to participate. Of these, 25 mothers were enrolled. Data were collected using a socioeconomic questionnaire and a field diary. Results. Skin color was self-reported as non-white by 19/25 mothers (74.0%), and 16 (64.0%) reported having a partner. Regarding schooling, 12 (48.0%) had completed high school. Per capita income varied from no income to US$ 1 111.11, and ranged from none to US$ 61.72 for 12 women (48.0%). Seventeen women (68.0%) lived in underprivileged periphery areas with poor living conditions. Of the 25 women, 16 (64.0%) had a job prior to the pregnancy; and of these, 12 (75.0%) were fired or quit after the baby was born. Conclusions. The profile of mothers shows that the Zika epidemics was not equanimous and preferentially affected women with low income and lower social class. In this sense, we believe that congenital Zika syndrome may be determined by social inequalities in Brazil. The data described in the present study may be useful for the planning of effective actions to ensure a social protection network for children with congenital Zika syndrome and their families.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Describir el perfil sociodemográfico de las madres de niños con síndrome congénito por el virus del Zika. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo, transversal, de abordaje cuantitativo. Se invitó a participar en el estudio a 39 madres de niños nacidos vivos pertenecientes al grupo de casos notificados entre 2015 y 2016 con diagnóstico confirmado de síndrome congénito por el virus del Zika en el estado de Espírito Santo. De las 39 mujeres, 25 aceptaron participar. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó un formulario para identificar el perfil sociodemográfico y un diario de campo. Resultados. De las 25 madres, 19 (74,0%) manifestaron no ser blancas y 16 (64,0%) tener una pareja. En cuanto a la escolaridad, 12 (48,0%) poseían eduación media completa. El ingreso domiciliario per cápita varió desde ningún ingreso hasta US$ 1 111,11; 12 mujeres (48,0%) reportaron desde no tener ingresos hasta un ingreso de US$ 61,72. En cuanto a la vivienda, 17 (68,0%) vivían en zonas periféricas con condiciones precarias. De las 25 mujeres, 16 (64,0%) presentaban vínculo laboral antes de la gestación, y de estas 12 (75,0%) fueron despedidas o renunciaron después del nacimiento del niño. Conclusiones. El perfil de las madres reveló que la epidemia no fue equitativa y alcanzó mayormente a mujeres de bajos ingresos y de estratos sociales desfavorecidos. En ese sentido, la enfermedad podría ser determinada por las desigualdades sociales de salud presentes en el país. Los datos encontrados son útiles para planificar acciones efectivas enfocadas a garantizar una red de protección social para niños con síndrome congénito por el virus del Zika y sus familias.